ABSTRACT
COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa respiratoria aguda, causada por el SARS-CoV-2, un nuevo coronavirus, que se extendió rápidamente por todo el mundo, dando como resultado una pandemia. Los pacientes presentan un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas, entre ellas, la miocarditis, y de manera alterna, algunos pacientes sin síntomas de enfermedad cardíaca, tienen anomalías en las pruebas, como elevación de la troponina y arritmias cardíacas en el electrocardiograma, o anomalías en las imágenes cardíacas. La patogenia del compromiso miocárdico no es clara, pero las dos principales teorías prevén un papel directo de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2, que funciona como el receptor viral, y una respuesta hiperinmune, que también puede conducir a una presentación aislada. El estándar de oro del diagnóstico es la biopsia endomiocárdica, la cual no está disponible en la mayoría de los escenarios. En esta revisión, se pretende brindar al lector pautas para identificar las manifestaciones clínicas, ayudas diagnósticas y manejo de los pacientes con sospecha de miocarditis por COVID-19
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, that spread rapidly around the world, resulting in a pandemic. Patients present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including myocarditis, and alternately, some patients without symptoms of heart disease have abnormalities in tests, such as elevated troponin, arrhythmias in the ECG orabnormalities in cardiac imaging testing. The pathogenesis of myocardial involvement is not completely clear, but the two main theories suggest a direct role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which functions as the virus receptor, and a hyperimmune response, which can also lead to an isolated presentation. The gold standard for the diagnosis is the endomyocardial biopsy, which is not available in most settings. In this review, we intend to provide the reader with guidelines to identify the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and management of patients with suspected COVID-19 myocarditis
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Biopsy , Echocardiography , SARS-CoV-2 , Myocarditis , MyocardiumABSTRACT
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Abstract Recent studies have reported the occurrence of thrombotic phenomena or coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19. There are divergent positions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these phenomena, and current clinical practice is based solely on deductions by extension from retrospective studies, case series, observational studies, and international guidelines developed prior to the pandemic. In this context, the aim was to generate a group of recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and management of thrombotic complications associated with COVID-19. Methods: A rapid guidance was carried out applying the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks and an iterative participation system, with statistical and qualitative analysis. Results: 31 clinical recommendations were generated focused on: a) Coagulation tests in symptomatic adults with suspected infection or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection; b) Thromboprophylaxis in adults diagnosed with COVID-19 (Risk scales, thromboprophylaxis for outpatient, in-hospital management, and duration of thromboprophylaxis after discharge from hospitalization), c) Diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic complications, and d) Management of people with previous indication of anticoagulant agents. Conclusions: Recommendations of this consensus guide clinical decision-making regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic phenomena in patients with COVID-19, and represent an agreement that will help decrease the dispersion in clinical practices according to the challenge imposed by the pandemic.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Embolism and Thrombosis , Consensus , AnticoagulantsABSTRACT
Resumen El origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda desde la arteria pulmonar o, por su sigla en inglés, síndrome de ALCAPA (Anomalous origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery), también conocido como síndrome Bland-White-Garland es una rara cardiopatía congénita; sin embargo, es una de las causas más comunes de falla cardiaca, isquemia e infarto de miocardio en niños, que, en ausencia de tratamiento, alcanza una tasa de mortalidad del 35 al 85 % en el primer año de vida. Hay dos tipos de síndrome de ALCAPA, aquel que se presenta en infantes y el que ocurre en adultos. El segundo tipo es raro y puede manifestarse como infarto de miocardio, disfunción ventricular izquierda e insuficiencia mitral, o isquemia silente que podría llevar a muerte súbita. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años, con cardiopatía dilatada y disfunción ventricular severa, secundaria a síndrome de ALCAPA, y el caso de un paciente de 61 años con cuadro de dolor torácico en quien se documentó el mismo síndrome.
Abstract The anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery or its acronym ALCAPA syndrome (Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery), also known as Blande-Whitee-Garland syndrome, is a rare congenital heart disease. However, one of the most common causes of heart failure, ischemia and myocardial infarction in children, which in the absence of treatment, reaches a mortality rate of 35 to 85% in the first year of life. There are two types of ALCAPA syndrome, that occurs in infants and adults. The presentation of the second type is rare and can manifest as myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction and mitral insufficiency, or silent ischemia that could lead to sudden death. We present the case of a 30-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe ventricular dysfunction, secondary to the ALCAPA syndrome, another case of a 61-year-old patient with chest pain where the mentioned syndrome was documented.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Bland White Garland Syndrome , Ventricular Dysfunction , Coronary Vessels , Heart Defects, Congenital , Mitral Valve InsufficiencyABSTRACT
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The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.